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<div class="slideshow-container">

<!-- Full-width images with number and caption text -->



<!-- xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx -->





<div class="mySlides">
  <div class="text">
  <FONT color="red" size=+2><B>
  <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: yellow">
  <FONT color="blue">Physical organization</FONT> of a computer
  </SPAN>
  </B></FONT>
  </div>

  <p style="margin-left: 1.2in">
  <font size="+2">
  </font>
  </p>

  <center>
  <TABLE bgcolor="lightcyan" BORDER="5" width=850>
  <TR> <TD>
  <font size="+2">
  <UL>
  <LI> <FONT color="red"><B>What</B></FONT> a
  <FONT color="blue"><B>computer</B></FONT>
 <B>looks like</B> 
 <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #aaffaa">
  <FONT color="red"><B>physically</B></FONT></SPAN>:

<P>
  <center>
  <img src="FIGS/0/external-computer.gif " style="width:75%">
  </center>


  </UL>
  </font>
  </TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>
  </center>

  <p style="margin-left: 1.2in">
  <font size="+2">
  </font>
  </p>

  <p style="padding: 0.0in">
  </p>
</div>



<div class="mySlides">
  <div class="text">
  <FONT color="red" size=+2><B>
  <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: yellow">
  <FONT color="blue">Physical organization</FONT> of a computer
  </SPAN>
  </B></FONT>
  </div>

  <p style="margin-left: 1.2in">
  <font size="+2">
  </font>
  </p>

  <center>
  <TABLE bgcolor="lightcyan" BORDER="5" width=850>
  <TR> <TD>
  <font size="+2">
  <UL>
  <LI> <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #aaffaa">
     <FONT color="red"><B>Categories</B></FONT></SPAN>
   of the
    <FONT color="blue"><B>computer components</B></FONT>:

<P>
  <center>
  <img src="FIGS/0/external-computer2.gif " style="width:75%">
  </center>


  </UL>
  </font>
  </TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>
  </center>

  <p style="margin-left: 1.2in">
  <font size="+2">
  </font>
  </p>

  <p style="padding: 0.0in">
  </p>
</div>









<div class="mySlides">
  <div class="text">
  <FONT color="red" size=+2><B>
  <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: yellow">
  <FONT color="blue">
 <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #aaffaa">Logical (functional)</SPAN>
   organization</FONT> of a computer
  </SPAN>
  </B></FONT>
  </div>

  <p style="margin-left: 1.2in">
  <font size="+2">
  </font>
  </p>

  <center>
  <TABLE bgcolor="lightcyan" BORDER="5" width=850>
  <TR> <TD>
  <font size="+2">
  <UL>
  <LI> <FONT color="red"><B>What</B></FONT> a
  <FONT color="blue"><B>computer</B></FONT>
 <B>looks like</B> 
 <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff00">
  <FONT color="red"><B>logically (= by their function)</B></FONT></SPAN>:

<P>
  <center>
  <img src="FIGS/0/comp-sys2.gif " style="width:75%">
  </center>


  </UL>
  </font>
  </TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>
  </center>

  <p style="margin-left: 1.2in">
  <font size="+2">
  </font>
  </p>

  <p style="padding: 0.0in">
  </p>
</div>







<div class="mySlides">
  <div class="text">
  <FONT color="red" size=+2><B>
  <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: yellow">
  
 What a <FONT color="blue">computer</FONT> looks like from
  <FONT color="blue">inside</FONT>
  </SPAN>
  </B></FONT>
  </div>

  <p style="margin-left: 1.2in">
  <font size="+2">
  </font>
  </p>

  <center>
  <TABLE bgcolor="lightcyan" BORDER="5" width=850>
  <TR> <TD>
  <font size="+2">
  <UL>
  <LI> When you
   <FONT color="red"><B>open</B></FONT> the
   <FONT color="blue"><B>computer case</B></FONT>,
  the <FONT color="red"><B>inside</B></FONT> of the
  <FONT color="blue"><B>computer</B></FONT> looks like
  <B>this</B>:

<P>
  <center>
  <img src="FIGS/0/open-computer.jpg" style="width:70%">
  </center>


  </UL>
  </font>
  </TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>
  </center>

  <p style="margin-left: 1.2in">
  <font size="+2">
  </font>
  </p>

  <p style="padding: 0.0in">
  </p>
</div>






<div class="mySlides">
  <div class="text">
  <FONT color="red" size=+2><B>
  <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: yellow">
  
 What a <FONT color="blue">computer</FONT> looks like from
  <FONT color="blue">inside</FONT>
  </SPAN>
  </B></FONT>
  </div>

  <p style="margin-left: 1.2in">
  <font size="+2">
  </font>
  </p>

  <center>
  <TABLE bgcolor="lightcyan" BORDER="5" width=850>
  <TR> <TD>
  <font size="+2">
  <UL>
  <LI> The <FONT color="red"><B>computer system</B></FONT> 
     consists of
  <FONT color="blue"><B>only</B></FONT>
   <FONT color="red"><B>2 (functional) parts</B></FONT>:

<P>
  <center>
  <img src="FIGS/0/open-computer2.gif" style="width:70%">
  </center>


  </UL>
  </font>
  </TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>
  </center>

  <p style="margin-left: 1.2in">
  <font size="+2">
  </font>
  </p>

  <p style="padding: 0.0in">
  </p>
</div>





<div class="mySlides">
  <div class="text">
  <FONT color="red" size=+2><B>
  <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: yellow">
  
 What a <FONT color="blue">computer</FONT> looks like from
  <FONT color="blue">inside</FONT>
  </SPAN>
  </B></FONT>
  </div>

  <p style="margin-left: 1.2in">
  <font size="+2">
  </font>
  </p>

  <center>
  <TABLE bgcolor="lightcyan" BORDER="5" width=850>
  <TR> <TD>
  <font size="+2">
  <UL>
  <LI> The 
  <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #aaffaa">
    <FONT color="red"><B>RAM</B></FONT> 
   (or <FONT color="blue"><B>Random Access Memory</B></FONT>)</SPAN>
    <B>stores/contains</B>
   <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff00">
  <FONT color="red"><B>computer programs</B></FONT></SPAN>:
 

<P>
  <center>
  <img src="FIGS/0/open-computer2.gif" style="width:70%">
  </center>


  </UL>
  </font>
  </TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>
  </center>

  <p style="margin-left: 1.2in">
  <font size="+2">
  </font>
  </p>

  <p style="padding: 0.0in">
  </p>
</div>





<div class="mySlides">
  <div class="text">
  <FONT color="red" size=+2><B>
  <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: yellow">
  
 What a <FONT color="blue">computer</FONT> looks like from
  <FONT color="blue">inside</FONT>
  </SPAN>
  </B></FONT>
  </div>

  <p style="margin-left: 1.2in">
  <font size="+2">
  </font>
  </p>

  <center>
  <TABLE bgcolor="lightcyan" BORDER="5" width=850>
  <TR> <TD>
  <font size="+2">
  <UL>
  <LI> The 
  <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #aaffaa">
    <FONT color="red"><B>CPU</B></FONT> 
   (or <FONT color="blue"><B>Central Processing Unit</B></FONT>)</SPAN>
    <B>execute</B>
   <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff00">
  <FONT color="red"><B>instructions</B></FONT> in 
  <FONT color="blue"><B> programs</B></FONT></SPAN>:
 

<P>
  <center>
  <img src="FIGS/0/open-computer2.gif" style="width:70%">
  </center>


  </UL>
  </font>
  </TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>
  </center>

  <p style="margin-left: 1.2in">
  <font size="+2">
  </font>
  </p>

  <p style="padding: 0.0in">
  </p>
</div>






<div class="mySlides">
  <div class="text">
  <FONT color="red" size=+2><B>
  <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: yellow">
  <FONT color="blue">
 Updated 
 <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #aaffaa">logical (functional)</SPAN>
   organization</FONT> of a computer
  </SPAN>
  </B></FONT>
  </div>

  <p style="margin-left: 1.2in">
  <font size="+2">
  </font>
  </p>

  <center>
  <TABLE bgcolor="lightcyan" BORDER="5" width=850>
  <TR> <TD>
  <font size="+2">
  <UL>
  <LI> <FONT color="red"><B>What</B></FONT> a
  <FONT color="blue"><B>computer</B></FONT>
 <B>looks like</B> 
 <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff00">
  <FONT color="red"><B>logically (= by their function)</B></FONT></SPAN>:

<P>
  <center>
  <img src="FIGS/0/comp-sys.gif " style="width:75%">
  </center>


  </UL>
  </font>
  </TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>
  </center>

  <p style="margin-left: 1.2in">
  <font size="+2">
  </font>
  </p>

  <p style="padding: 0.0in">
  </p>
</div>










<div class="mySlides">
  <div class="text">
  <FONT color="red" size=+2><B>
  <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: yellow">
  Components of a computer
  </SPAN>
  </B></FONT>
  </div>

  <p style="margin-left: 1.2in">
  <font size="+2">
  A <FONT color="red"><B>computer</B></FONT> consists of
     <FONT color="blue"><B>4 types</B></FONT> of
     <FONT color="red"><B>components</B></FONT>:
  </font>
  </p>

  <center>
  <TABLE bgcolor="lightcyan" BORDER="5" width=850>
  <TR> <TD>
  <font size="+2">
  <OL>
  <LI> <FONT color="red"><B>Central Processing Unit</B></FONT>
      (= <B>CPU</B>) = <FONT color="blue"><B>"brain"</B></FONT> of
      a <B>computer</B>
  <LI> <FONT color="red"><B>Main memory</B></FONT>
      (= <B>RAM</B>) = <FONT color="blue"><B>storage space</B></FONT> of
      a <B>computer</B>
<P>
  <LI> <FONT color="red"><B>Input devices</B></FONT> =
       <B>devices</B> used to
      <FONT color="blue"><B>receive data</B></FONT> into the <B>computer</B>
  <LI> <FONT color="red"><B>Output devices</B></FONT> =
       <B>devices</B> used to
      <FONT color="blue"><B>output data</B></FONT> from the <B>computer</B>
  <center>
<P>
  <img src="FIGS/0/comp-sys.gif " style="width:50%">
  </center>


  </OL>
  </font>
  </TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>
  </center>

  <p style="margin-left: 1.2in">
  <font size="+2">
 We take a <FONT color="red"><B>closer look</B></FONT> at the
 <FONT color="blue"><B>computer (main) memory</B></FONT> component
 <B>next</B>
  </font>
  </p>

  <p style="padding: 0.0in">
  </p>
</div>







<!------------- RAM --------------------->




<div class="mySlides">
  <div class="text">
  <FONT color="red" size=+2><B>
  <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: yellow">
  Computer memory 
 (a.k.a.: Random Access Memory or <FONT color="blue">RAM</FONT>)
  </SPAN>
  </B></FONT>
  </div>

  <p style="margin-left: 1.2in">
  <font size="+2">
  </font>
  </p>

  <center>
  <TABLE bgcolor="lightcyan" BORDER="5" width=850>
  <TR> <TD>
  <font size="+2">
  <UL>
  <LI> The <FONT color="red"><B>main memory</B></FONT>
    or <FONT color="blue"><B>RAM</B></FONT> consists of
      <FONT color="red"><B>many</B></FONT>
      <FONT color="blue"><B>memory cells</B></FONT>:
 <P>
  <center>
  <img src="FIGS/memory.gif" style="width:60%">
  </center>
<P>
<LI> <B>Each</B>
    <FONT color="red"><B> memory cell</B></FONT>
    is <B>uniquely</B>
  <FONT color="blue"><B> identified</B></FONT>
   by a 
  <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #aaffaa">
  <FONT color="red"><B>memory address</B></FONT></SPAN>
  (which is an 
 <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #aaffaa">
  <FONT color="blue"><B>integer number</B></FONT></SPAN>)
 <P>
<P>
<UL>
<TABLE bgcolor="lightyellow" BORDER="5">
<TR> <TD>
  <font size="+2">
 <UL>
 <LI>
  <FONT color="red"><B>Note:</B></FONT>
  <FONT color="blue"><B>memory addresses</B></FONT> always
   <FONT color="red"><B> starts</B></FONT> at 
   the <B>number <FONT color="blue"><B>zero (0)</B></FONT>
 </UL>

</TD> </TR>
</TABLE>
</UL>
<P>

<P>
<LI> <B>Each</B>
    <FONT color="red"><B> memory cell</B></FONT>
   can <FONT color="blue"><B>store</B></FONT> a 
    <FONT color="red"><B>small number</B></FONT> 
  </UL>
  </font>
  </TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>
  </center>



  <p style="margin-left: 1.2in">
  <font size="+2">
  </font>
  </p>

  <p style="padding: 0.0in">
  </p>
</div>



<div class="mySlides">
  <div class="text">
  <FONT color="red" size=+2><B>
  <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: yellow">
  <FONT color="blue">Analogy</FONT> to help you
   understand a computer memory 
 
  </SPAN>
  </B></FONT>
  </div>

  <p style="margin-left: 1.2in">
  <font size="+2">
  </font>
  </p>

  <center>
  <TABLE bgcolor="lightcyan" BORDER="5" width=850>
  <TR> <TD>
  <font size="+2">
  <UL>
  <LI> The <FONT color="red"><B>main memory</B></FONT>
    or <FONT color="blue"><B>RAM</B></FONT> is
   <FONT color="red"><B>similar</B></FONT> to
   a <FONT color="blue"><B>collection</B></FONT> of
   <FONT color="red"><B>mail boxes</B></FONT>:
 <P>
  <center>
  <img src="FIGS/0/mailboxes.jpg" style="width:40%">
  </center>
<P>
<LI> <B>Each</B>
    <FONT color="red"><B>mail box</B></FONT>
    is <B>uniquely</B>
  <FONT color="blue"><B> identified</B></FONT>
   by an <B>integer</B> 
  <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #aaffaa">
  <FONT color="red"><B>mail box number</B></FONT></SPAN>
 <P>
<P>
<UL>
<TABLE bgcolor="lightyellow" BORDER="5">
<TR> <TD>
  <font size="+2">
 <UL>
 <LI>
  <FONT color="red"><B>Imagine that:</B></FONT>
  each <FONT color="blue"><B>mail box</B></FONT> contains
  a <FONT color="red"><B>(small) slip of paper</B></FONT> !!
 </UL>

</TD> </TR>
</TABLE>
</UL>
<P>

<P>
<LI> <B>Each</B>
    <FONT color="red"><B> memory cell</B></FONT>'s
   <B>slip of paper</B>
   can <FONT color="blue"><B>store</B></FONT> a 
    <FONT color="red"><B>small number</B></FONT> 
  </UL>
  </font>
  </TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>
  </center>



  <p style="margin-left: 1.2in">
  <font size="+2">
  </font>
  </p>

  <p style="padding: 0.0in">
  </p>
</div>





<div class="mySlides">
  <div class="text">
  <FONT color="red" size=+2><B>
  <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: yellow">
  <FONT color="blue">Operations</FONT>
   that a computer can perform on the main memory
  </SPAN>
  </B></FONT>
  </div>

  <p style="margin-left: 1.2in">
  <font size="+2">
  </font>
  </p>

  <center>
  <TABLE bgcolor="lightcyan" BORDER="5" width=850>
  <TR> <TD>
  <font size="+2">
  <UL>
  <LI> The <FONT color="red"><B>computer</B></FONT> can perform
      <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff00">
     <FONT color="blue"><B>2 operations</B></FONT></SPAN>
      on
      the <FONT color="red"><B>main memory</B></FONT>:
<P>
<UL>
<TABLE bgcolor="lightyellow" BORDER="5">
<TR> <TD>
 <font size="+2">
 <OL>
 <LI> <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #aaffaa">
    <FONT color="red"><B>Write</B></FONT> 
     <FONT color="blue"><B>operation</B></FONT>:</SPAN> &nbsp; the computer
    <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #aaffaa">
     <FONT color="red"><B>stores</B></FONT>
      a <FONT color="blue"><B>number</B></FONT></SPAN>
     into
      <FONT color="red"><B>one or more</B></FONT>
      <FONT color="blue"><B>memory cells</B></FONT> 
      <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffdd00">
    at a <FONT color="red"><B>specific</B></FONT>
      <FONT color="blue"><B>memory address</B></FONT></SPAN>
<P>
 <LI> <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffeeee">
      <FONT color="red"><B>Read</B></FONT> 
     <FONT color="blue"><B>operation</B></FONT>:</SPAN> &nbsp; the computer
      <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffeeee">
     <FONT color="red"><B>retrieves</B></FONT>
      the <FONT color="blue"><B>number</B></FONT></SPAN>
     from
      <FONT color="red"><B>one or more</B></FONT>
      <FONT color="blue"><B>memory cells</B></FONT> 
      <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffdd00">
    at a <FONT color="red"><B>specific</B></FONT>
      <FONT color="blue"><B>memory address</B></FONT></SPAN>

 </OL>

</TD> </TR>
</TABLE>
</UL>
<P>



  <center>
  <img src="FIGS/memory.gif" style="width:60%">
  </center>

  </UL>
  </font>
  </TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>
  </center>

  <p style="margin-left: 1.2in">
  <font size="+2">
  </font>
  </p>

  <p style="padding: 0.0in">
  </p>
</div>





<div class="mySlides">
  <div class="text">
  <FONT color="red" size=+2><B>
  <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: yellow">
  <FONT color="blue">Analogy</FONT> to help you understand the
  <FONT color="blue">write</FONT> and
  <FONT color="blue">read</FONT> operations to a computer memory
  </SPAN>
  </B></FONT>
  </div>

  <p style="margin-left: 1.2in">
  <font size="+2">

  </font>
  </p>


  <center>
  <TABLE bgcolor="lightcyan" BORDER="5" width=850>
  <TR> <TD>
  <font size="+2">
  <UL>
  <LI> The 
 <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #aaffaa">
  <FONT color="red"><B>write operation</B></FONT></SPAN>
   and
   the 
 <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffeeee">
  <FONT color="blue"><B>read operation</B></FONT></SPAN> to 
   the <B>computer memory</B> is
   <FONT color="red"><B>similar</B></FONT> to the
   <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #aaffaa">
   <FONT color="blue"><B>store</B></FONT></SPAN>
   and
   <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffeeee">
   <FONT color="red"><B>recall</B></FONT></SPAN>
   <B>operations</B>
   of a 
   <FONT color="red"><B>calculator</B></FONT>:
<P>
  <center>
  <img src="FIGS/0/dtcalc.gif" style="width:35%">
  </center>


  </UL>
  </font>
  </TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>
  </center>

  <p style="margin-left: 1.2in">
  <font size="+2">
  </font>
  </p>

  <p style="padding: 0.0in">
  </p>
</div>


<!------------------- Information and data ------------------>




<div class="mySlides">
  <div class="text">
  <FONT color="red" size=+2><B>
  <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: yellow">
  How does the computer store <FONT color="blue">information</FONT> using
   <FONT color="blue">just</FONT> numbers ?
  </SPAN>
  </B></FONT>
  </div>

  <p style="margin-left: 1.2in">
  <font size="+2">

  </font>
  </p>

  <center>
  <TABLE bgcolor="lightcyan" BORDER="5" width=850>
  <TR> <TD>
  <font size="+2">
  <UL>
  <LI> <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffdd00">
   <FONT color="red"><B>Information</B></FONT></SPAN>
      is <FONT color="blue"><B>stored</B></FONT>
   inside a <B>computer</B>
    as <FONT color="red"><B>numbers</B></FONT>
    by <B>using</B> an 
   <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #aaffaa">
   <FONT color="blue"><B>encoding method</B></FONT></SPAN>


  <center>
  <img src="FIGS/memory.gif" style="width:55%">
  </center>
<P>
<LI> An 
  <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #aaffaa">
  <FONT color="red"><B>encoding method</B></FONT></SPAN>
     is an
    <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff00">
   <FONT color="blue"><B> agreement</B></FONT></SPAN>
     on <FONT color="red"><B>how</B></FONT> to
  <FONT color="blue"><B>represent</B></FONT>
   <B>certain</B> 
   <FONT color="red"><B>facts</B></FONT>
    by a <FONT color="blue"><B>code (= specific number)</B></FONT>
<P>
<B>Example:</B>
  <FONT color="red"><B>encoding</B></FONT> 
   the <FONT color="blue"><B>marital status</B></FONT>
  <B>information</B>
<P>
<UL>
<TABLE bgcolor="lightyellow" BORDER="5">
<TR> <TD>

<FONT color="blue" size="+2">
<B>
<PRE>
 0 = single      2 = divorsed
 1 = married     3 = widowed           </PRE>
</B>
</FONT>

</TD> </TR>
</TABLE>
</UL>
<P>


  </UL>
  </font>
  </TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>
  </center>

 
  <p style="margin-left: 1.2in">
  <font size="+2">
  </font>
  </p>

  <p style="padding: 0.0in">
  </p>
</div>

<!------------------- Context ---------------->




<div class="mySlides">
  <div class="text">
  <FONT color="red" size=+2><B>
  <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: yellow">
  How can a computer tell the <FONT color="blue">meaning</FONT> of
  a <FONT color="blue">number</FONT> ?
  </SPAN>
  </B></FONT>
  </div>

  <p style="margin-left: 1.2in">
  <font size="+2">
  <FONT color="red"><B>Problem description</B></FONT>:
  </font>
  </p>

  <center>
  <TABLE bgcolor="lightcyan" BORDER="5" width=850>
  <TR> <TD>
  <font size="+2">
  <UL>
 
  <LI> We <B>just</B> saw how to
   <FONT color="red"><B>represent</B></FONT>
    <FONT color="blue"><B>information</B></FONT> on
   a person's 
 <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #aaffaa">
 <FONT color="red"><B>marital status</B></FONT></SPAN>:
<P>
<UL>
<TABLE bgcolor="lightyellow" BORDER="5">
<TR> <TD>

<FONT color="blue" size="+2">
<B>
<PRE>
 0 = single      2 = divorsed
 1 = married     3 = widowed           </PRE>
</B>
</FONT>

</TD> </TR>
</TABLE>
</UL>
<P>

<LI> There are <FONT color="red"><B>other</B></FONT>
    <FONT color="blue"><B>kinds</B></FONT> of
    <FONT color="red"><B>information</B></FONT> too.
 <P>
 <B>Example:</B> <FONT color="red"><B>encoding method</B></FONT> for
  <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffdd00">
  <FONT color="blue"><B>computer instructions</B></FONT></SPAN>
<P>
<UL>
<TABLE bgcolor="lightyellow" BORDER="5">
<TR> <TD>

<FONT color="blue" size="+2">
<B>
<PRE>
 0 = add         2 = multiply     ,,,
 1 = subtract    3 = divide       ...  </PRE>
</B>
</FONT>

</TD> </TR>
</TABLE>
</UL>
<P>

<LI> <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #000000">
   <FONT color="yellow"><B>Problem:</B></FONT></SPAN>
    &nbsp; 
   what does <FONT color="red"><B>0</B></FONT>
    <FONT color="blue"><B>mean</B></FONT> ??? &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
     (<FONT color="red"><B><TT>single</TT></B></FONT> ?
   <B> or</B>
   <FONT color="blue"><B><TT> add</TT></B></FONT> ?)
  </UL>
  </font>
  </TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>
  </center>

 

  <p style="margin-left: 1.2in">
  <font size="+2">
  </font>
  </p>

  <p style="padding: 0.0in">
  </p>
</div>







<div class="mySlides">
  <div class="text">
  <FONT color="red" size=+2><B>
  <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: yellow">
   How can a computer tell the <FONT color="blue">meaning</FONT> of
  a <FONT color="blue">number</FONT> ?
  </SPAN>
  </B></FONT>
  </div>

  <p style="margin-left: 1.2in">
  <font size="+2">
  <FONT color="blue"><B>Answer</B></FONT> to the
   <FONT color="red"><B>representation conundrum</B></FONT>:
  </font>
  </p>

  <center>
  <TABLE bgcolor="lightcyan" BORDER="5" width=850>
  <TR> <TD>
  <font size="+2">
  <UL>
  <LI> The 
  <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #aaffaa">
   <FONT color="red"><B>meaning</B></FONT></SPAN> of
      a 
  <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffff00">
   <FONT color="blue"><B>code </B></FONT>
   (like the <FONT color="red"><B>number 0</B></FONT>)</SPAN>
   can <FONT color="blue"><B>only</B></FONT> be <B>determined</B> when
   the 
  <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffdd00">
   <FONT color="red"><B>context</B></FONT></SPAN> is
   <FONT color="blue"><B>known/given</B></FONT>:
<P>
<UL>
<TABLE bgcolor="lightyellow" BORDER="5">
<TR> <TD>
 <font size="+2">
 <UL>
 <LI> When the <FONT color="red"><B>computer</B></FONT> is
      <FONT color="blue"><B>examining</B></FONT> some
      <FONT color="red"><B>marital status</B></FONT>
     <FONT color="blue"><B>data</B></FONT>,
    the <FONT color="red"><B>number 0</B></FONT> <B>means</B>:
      <FONT color="blue"><B>single</B></FONT>
 <P>
 <LI> When the <FONT color="red"><B>computer</B></FONT> is
      <FONT color="blue"><B>executing</B></FONT>
      a <FONT color="red"><B>computer instruction</B></FONT>,
    
    the <FONT color="blue"><B>number 0</B></FONT> <B>means</B>:
      the <FONT color="red"><B>add</B></FONT> <B>instruction</B>
 </UL>

</TD> </TR>
</TABLE>
</UL>
<P>
<LI> <FONT color="red"><B>Analogy</B></FONT> to
   <FONT color="blue"><B>help you</B></FONT> understand
   the <FONT color="red"><B>concept</B></FONT> of
   <FONT color="blue"><B>context</B></FONT>:
<P>
<UL>
<TABLE bgcolor="#ffeeee" BORDER="5">
<TR> <TD>
<font size="+2">
 <UL>
 <LI> Make a <FONT color="red"><B>correct</B></FONT>
     <FONT color="blue"><B>English sentence</B></FONT> that begins with:
     <FONT color="red"><B><TT>You <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #aaffaa">is</SPAN> ....</TT></B></FONT>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
 </UL>

</TD> </TR>
</TABLE>
</UL>
<P>

  </UL>
  </font>
  </TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>
  </center>


  <p style="margin-left: 1.2in">
  <font size="+2">
  </font>
  </p>

  <p style="padding: 0.0in">
  </p>
</div>







<div class="mySlides">
  <div class="text">
  <FONT color="red" size=+2><B>
  <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: yellow">
  The <FONT color="blue">context</FONT> of the word 
  <FONT color="blue"><B><TT>You</TT></B></FONT>
  </SPAN>
  </B></FONT>
  </div>

  <p style="margin-left: 1.2in">
  <font size="+2">
 
  </font>
  </p>

  <center>
  <TABLE bgcolor="lightcyan" BORDER="5" width=850>
  <TR> <TD>
  <font size="+2">
  <UL>
  <LI> When you use the <FONT color="red"><B>word</B></FONT>
        <FONT color="blue"><B><TT>You</TT></B></FONT> as
       a 
  <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #aaffaa">
   <FONT color="red"><B>personal pronoun</B></FONT></SPAN>
      (which is the <B>common case</B>), you 
     <FONT color="blue"><B>must</B></FONT> use
      <FONT color="red"><B><TT>You are ...</TT></B></FONT>
 <P>
 <B>Example:</B>
<P>
<UL>
<TABLE bgcolor="lightyellow" BORDER="5">
<TR> <TD>
  <font size="+2">
<FONT color="blue">
<B>
<PRE>
  You are a person.          
</PRE>
</B>
</FONT>

</TD> </TR>
</TABLE>
</UL>
<P>

 <LI> You <B>can</B>
    use the <FONT color="red"><B>word</B></FONT>
        <FONT color="blue"><B><TT>You</TT></B></FONT> as
       a 
  <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffdd00">
   <FONT color="red"><B>noun</B></FONT></SPAN> !

 <P>
 <B>Example:</B>
<P>
<UL>
<TABLE bgcolor="lightyellow" BORDER="5">
<TR> <TD>
  <font size="+2">
<FONT color="blue">
<B>
<PRE>
  You is an English word.          
</PRE>
</B>
</FONT>

</TD> </TR>
</TABLE>
</UL>
<P>


  </UL>
  </font>
  </TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>
  </center>

 
  <p style="margin-left: 1.2in">
  <font size="+2">
  </font>
  </p>

  <p style="padding: 0.0in">
  </p>
</div>






<div class="mySlides">
  <div class="text">
  <FONT color="red" size=+2><B>
  <SPAN style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: yellow">
  How can a computer tell the <FONT color="blue">meaning</FONT> of
  a <FONT color="blue">number</FONT> ?
  </SPAN>
  </B></FONT>
  </div>

  <p style="margin-left: 1.2in">
  <font size="+2">
  The <FONT color="red"><B>computer program</B></FONT> can 
  <FONT color="blue"><B>tell</B></FONT> the
  <FONT color="red"><B>difference</B></FONT> <B>because</B>:
  </font>
  </p>

  <center>
  <TABLE bgcolor="lightcyan" BORDER="5" width=850>
  <TR> <TD>
  <font size="+2">
  <UL>
 
  <LI> When the <FONT color="red"><B>program</B></FONT> is
   <FONT color="blue"><B>processing</B></FONT>
   <FONT color="red"><B>marital status</B></FONT>
  <FONT color="blue"><B>information</B></FONT>,
  the <FONT color="red"><B>code</B></FONT> used will be:
<P>
<UL>
<TABLE bgcolor="lightyellow" BORDER="5">
<TR> <TD>

<FONT color="blue" size="+2">
<B>
<PRE>
 0 = single      2 = divorsed
 1 = married     3 = widowed           </PRE>
</B>
</FONT>

</TD> </TR>
</TABLE>
</UL>
<P>

<LI> When the <FONT color="red"><B>computer</B></FONT> is
   <FONT color="blue"><B>executing</B></FONT>
   an <FONT color="red"><B>instruction</B></FONT> in
   the <FONT color="blue"><B>program</B></FONT>, 
 the <FONT color="red"><B>code</B></FONT> used will be:
 <P>

<UL>
<TABLE bgcolor="lightyellow" BORDER="5">
<TR> <TD>

<FONT color="blue" size="+2">
<B>
<PRE>
 0 = add         2 = multiply     ,,,
 1 = subtract    3 = divide       ...  </PRE>
</B>
</FONT>

</TD> </TR>
</TABLE>
</UL>
<P>

<LI> That's <FONT color="red"><B>how</B></FONT>
   the <FONT color="blue"><B>computer</B></FONT> can
   <B>tell</B>
   what does <FONT color="red"><B>0</B></FONT>
    <FONT color="blue"><B>mean</B></FONT> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
     (<FONT color="red"><B><TT>single</TT></B></FONT> 
   <B> or</B>
   <FONT color="blue"><B><TT> add</TT></B></FONT>)
  </UL>
  </font>
  </TD> </TR>
  </TABLE>
  </center>

 

  <p style="margin-left: 1.2in">
  <font size="+2">
  </font>
  </p>

  <p style="padding: 0.0in">
  </p>
</div>









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